Co-pyrolysis of swine manure with agricultural plastic waste: Laboratory-scale study

Manure-derived biochar is the solid product resulting from pyrolysis of animal manures. It has considerable potential both to improve soil quality with high levels of nutrients and to reduce contaminants in water and soil. However, the combustible gas produced from manure pyrolysis generally does not provide enough energy to sustain the pyrolysis process. Supplementing this process may be achieved with spent agricultural plastic films; these feedstocks have large amounts of available energy. Plastic films are often used in soil fumigation. They are usually disposed in landfills, which is wasteful, expensive, and environmentally unsustainable. The objective of this work was to investigate both the energetics of co-pyrolyzing swine solids with spent plastic mulch films (SPM) and the characteristics of its gas, liquid, and solid byproducts. The heating value of the product gas from co-pyrolysis was found to be much higher than that of natural gas; furthermore, the gas had no detectable toxic fumigants. Energetically, sustaining pyrolysis of the swine solids through the energy of the product gas could be achieved by co-pyrolyzing dewatered swine solids (25% m/m) with just 10% SPM. If more than 10% SPM is used, the co-pyrolysis would generate surplus energy which could be used for power generation. Biochars produced from co-pyrolyzing SPM and swine solid were similar to swine solid alone based on the surface area and the ¹H NMR spectra. The results of this study demonstrated the potential of using pyrolysis technology to manage two prominent agricultural waste streams (SPM and swine solids) while producing value-added biochar and a power source that could be used for local farm operations.     

Variability of pesticide residues in cauliflower units collected from a field trial and market places in Greece

To estimate the variability of pesticide residue levels present in cauliflower units, a total of 142 samples were collected from a field trial of a cooperative farmer, and 120 samples were collected from different market places in Thessaloniki, Greece. The collected samples were extracted using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction technique, and the residues were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The developed method was validated by evaluating the accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The average recoveries for all the analytes, derived from the data of control samples fortified at 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg, ranged from 74 to 110% with a relative standard deviation of ≤8%. The correlation coefficient (R²) was ≥0.997 for all the analytes using matrix-matched calibration standards. The LOD values ranged from 0.001 to 0.003 mg/kg, and the LOQ was determined at 0.01 mg/kg for all the sought analytes. The matrix effect was found to be at a considerable level, especially for cypermethrin and deltamethrin, amounting to +90% and +145%, respectively. For the field samples, the unit-to-unit variability factors (VFs) calculated for cypermethrin and deltamethrin were 2.38 and 2.32, respectively, while the average VF for the market basket samples was 5.11. In the market basket samples, residues of cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, and indoxacarb were found at levels ≥LOQ and their respective VFs were 7.12, 5.67, 5.28, and 2.40.     

The dissipation rates of trichlorfon and its degradation product dichlorvos in cabbage and soil

The residual levels and dissipation rate of trichlorfon, and its degradation product, dichlorvos, in cabbage crops and the soil in which these were grown, were determined by gas chromatography at two geographically distant experimental sites, one in Kunming and one in Beijing, China. Trichlorfon was applied at two dosages (900 g ai ha⁻¹ and 1350 g ai ha⁻¹). Maximum final residues of trichlorfon in soil and cabbage were 1.23 mg kg⁻¹ and 1.81 mg kg⁻¹ respectively at Kunming, and 0.35 mg kg⁻¹ and 0.70 mg kg⁻¹ respectively at Beijing. However, the final residues of dichlorvos in both cabbage and soil was only 0.04 mg kg⁻¹ at Kunming, and only 0.03 mg kg⁻¹, or “not detectable”, at Beijing. The mean half-life of trichlorfon in cabbage was 1.80 d with a dissipation rate of 90% over 5 d, while that in soil was 3.05 d with a dissipation rate of 90% over 14 d at one experimental site. The dissipation rates of trichlorfon and its degradation product dichlorvos at the two experimental sites were different, suggesting that degradation of these pesticides was affected by local soil characteristics and climate. When applied at both the recommended dosage and at 1.5 times this, no detectable residues of either trichlorfon or dichlorvos were found in soil or cabbage at harvest. Although trichlorfon can easily degrade into dichlorvos, which is highly toxic to humans and other animals, the observed low residual levels of dichlorvos suggest that trichlorfon is safe when applied at the recommended dosage.     

典型城市污水中对羟基苯甲酸酯的污染特征

对羟基苯甲酸酯(parabens)作为防腐剂、防霉剂和杀菌剂等被广泛应用于食品、化妆品和药品中.近年来的研究表明,该类化合物能够在地表水体中检出,对水生生态环境存在潜在的危害.本研究于2016年秋季和冬季,对哈尔滨某典型城市污水处理厂进水进行了24 h连续采集,对6种parabens的质量浓度和4种常规水质指标进行了分析.结果表明,parabens普遍存在于城市污水中,对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯是主要目标物,总有机碳、总溶解固体和酸碱度与parabens的浓度具有相关性;城市污水中parabens的质量浓度具有明显的日变化趋势,但是季节差异性不大.本研究结果为城市污水处理系统中parabens的深入研究和污染控制提供了重要理论依据.     

西安市建筑垃圾渣土资源再利用研究

建筑垃圾渣土作为"建筑副产品",已造成严重的城市环境问题。通过对西安市建筑垃圾渣土的现场调查及工程再利用,借鉴发达国家及国内省市建筑垃圾渣土的成功管理经验和资源再利用的成功范例,提出了西安建筑垃圾资源再利用的对策建议,对"十三五"期间减少已有建筑垃圾的存量并遏制增量和建设西安森林城市具有参考意义。     

Influence of agricultural activities, forest fires and agro-industries on air quality in Thailand

Annual and monthly-based emission inventories in northern, central and north-eastern provinces in Thailand, where agriculture and related agro-industries are very intensive, were estimated to evaluate the contribution of agricultural activity, including crop residue burning, forest fires and related agro-industries on air quality monitored in corresponding provinces. The monthly-based emission inventories of air pollutants, or, particulate matter (PM), NOx and SO₂, for various agricultural crops were estimated based on information on the level of production of typical crops: rice, corn, sugarcane, cassava, soybeans and potatoes using emission factors and other parameters related to country-specific values taking into account crop type and the local residue burning period. The estimated monthly emission inventory was compared with air monitoring data obtained at monitoring stations operated by the Pollution Control Department, Thailand (PCD) for validating the estimated emission inventory. The agro-industry that has the greatest impact on the regions being evaluated, is the sugar processing industry, which uses sugarcane as a raw material and its residue as fuel for the boiler. The backward trajectory analysis of the air mass arriving at the PCD station was calculated to confirm this influence. For the provinces being evaluated which are located in the upper northern, lower northern and northeast in Thailand, agricultural activities and forest fires were shown to be closely correlated to the ambient PM concentration while their contribution to the production of gaseous pollutants is much less.     

地膜覆盖对菜地生态系统N2O排放的影响

为了探讨地膜覆盖对菜地N_2O的排放通量、土壤剖面N_2O浓度以及土壤温度和湿度的影响,选取西南地区常见菜地(辣椒-萝卜轮作)为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,进行了为期1 a的野外观测实验.结果表明,在辣椒季,常规处理(不覆膜)N_2O的平均排放通量为1000.0μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),覆膜处理为400.6μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),覆膜显著低于常规处理(P0.05);而在萝卜季,N_2O的平均排放通量则表现为覆膜处理[128.1μg·(m~2·h)~(-1)]高于常规处理[107.8μg·(m~2·h)~(-1)],但两者差异未达到显著水平(P0.05).覆膜和常规菜地土壤中N_2O含量均基本随土层深度的增加而增加,表现为:30 cm20cm10 cm,相同处理各层次土壤N_2O含量间均呈显著相关,不同处理相同深度处的土壤N_2O含量间也存在显著的正相关关系.对不同土层中的N_2O含量与地表N_2O排放通量的相关性分析可得出,常规处理各土层处的N_2O含量与地表N_2O排放通量呈显著正相关关系.覆膜处理的N_2O排放通量仅与30 cm深土壤中的N_2O含量存在显著正相关关系.通过对土壤湿度和温度的观测可以得出,地膜覆盖对土壤的增温效应在夏季更加明显,对土壤的保水作用在秋冬季更加突出.相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明,土壤中氮素形态是决定农田N_2O排放最重要的因素,其中常规菜地N_2O排放主要受土壤中总氮含量的影响,而覆膜菜地N_2O的排放对土壤中无机态氮含量的变化更加敏感.     

北京夏季灰霾天臭氧近地层垂直分布与边界层结构分析

后奥运时期首都北京的空气质量被更加关注,尤其是对于灰霾天与光化学复合污染的状况,而近地层数百米高度内的大气污染物与大气物理参数垂直分布观测对于空气质量变化过程评估至关重要.因此,本研究于2009年8月1-16日,在北京市325 m气象塔进行了相应的立体观测,观测平台垂直分布在距离地面高度8、47、120和280 m四层中.同时,在近地面320 m高度以内,分15层分别观测了大气温度、湿度、风速、风向.另外,使用气溶胶后向散射云高仪观测了边界层2.5 km内气溶胶后向散射系数.利用垂直分层的O3数据与边界层物理观测数据并结合天气形势、后向轨迹模式等方法,综合分析了本次观测数据之间的相互关系和内在联系.结果表明:夏季西北部低压槽控制的北京区域不利于低空大气扩散,容易形成光化学污染叠加灰霾污染,污染形成时白天地面小时最大φ(O3)可达120×10-9,280 m高度处可达155×10-9;来自西北偏西的气流一般较为干净,有利于北京污染物的清除,而来自西南和偏南的气流使北京的O3污染加重,导致区域性高浓度O3污染;在稳定天气条件下,夜间残留层与地面的φ(O3)差别越大,次日光化学生成的φ(O3)起点越高,表明残留层O3在次日混合层抬升过程中卷夹到地面,影响地面空气质量;300 m以内的近地层,在50 m高度左右存在φ(O3)变化程度剧烈层,这是城市冠层界面与大气化学反应共同作用的结果.     

酱糟与醋糟混合发酵产沼气研究

酱糟、醋糟是我国食品酿造行业产生的废弃物,通过厌氧发酵不仅可以解决废糟处理问题又可获取能源.因此本研究在中温(35±1)℃的条件下,根据C/N比的不同,进行了酱糟/醋糟干物质(TS)比分别为1∶0(N1)、1∶1.5(N2)、1∶3(N3)、1∶7(N4)、1∶18(N5)和0∶1(N6)的混合发酵实验.结果表明,单一酱渣的延滞期为17.46 d,混合发酵明显缩短了延滞期,为3.00-3.83 d;混合发酵组(N2～N5)累计产甲烷量的实验结果比计算结果分别提高了1％、16％、14％和10％,其中,N3组C/N比为25.7∶1,提高最为明显;各组发酵产生的沼气的甲烷体积分数在65％～ 70％之间;Gompertz模型拟合可以用于酱糟和醋糟混合发酵产甲烷的过程;酱、醋糟发酵的产酸类型以乙酸型发酵为主.     

氟虫双酰胺在水稻和稻田中的残留动态研究

采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定了氟虫双酰胺19.8%悬浮剂(SC)在水稻及稻田环境中的残留动态.结果表明,当氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物NNI-des-iodo的添加量为0.05～1.0 mg·kg-1时,其在水稻田土壤、田水、稻秆、稻米和稻壳中的平均回收率为78.2%～104.8%,变异系数为1.1%～4.4%.氟虫双酰胺在2011年三地(福建福州、天津、江苏南京)的稻田水中的降解半衰期为9.8～17.3 d,土壤中10.8～22.4 d,植株中7.6～17.3 d,其在稻田水样品中检出了代谢产物NNI-des-iodo,而在土壤和植株样品中未检出.在推荐使用剂量下,于末次施药10 d后,氟虫双酰胺在水稻稻米中的残留量均低于美国规定的在稻谷上的最大残留允许量(0.5 mg·kg-1).